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Designing allosteric modulators to change GPCR G protein subtype selectivity

๐Ÿ”นย Madelyn N. Moore, Kelsey L. Person, Valeria L. Robleto, Abigail R. Alwin, Campbell L. Krusemark, Noah Foster, Caroline Ray, Asuka Inoue, Michael R. Jackson, Michael J. Sheedlo, Lawrence S. Barak, Ezequiel Marron Fernandez de Velasco, Steven H. Olson & Lauren M. Slosky


abstract

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses by signalling through 16 subtypes of Gฮฑ proteins and two ฮฒ-arrestin proteins. Biased compoundsโ€”molecules that preferentially activate a subset of these proteinsโ€”engage therapy-relevant pathways more selectively1 and promise to be safer, more effective medications than compounds that uniformly activate all pathways2. However, the determinants of bias are poorly understood, and we lack rationally designed molecules that select for specific G proteins. Here, using the prototypical class A GPCR neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), we show that small molecules that bind to the intracellular GPCRโ€“transducer interface change G protein coupling by subtype-specific and predictable mechanisms, enabling structure-guided drug design. We find that the intracellular, core-binding compound SBI-553 switches the G protein preference of NTSR1 through direct intermolecular interactions3,4,5, promoting or preventing association with specific G protein subtypes. Modifications to the SBI-553 scaffold produce allosteric modulators with distinct G protein selectivity profiles. Selectivity profiles are probe independent, conserved across species and translate to differences in activity in vivo. Our studies show that G protein selectivity can be tailored with small changes to a single chemical scaffold targeting the receptorโ€“transducer interface. Moreover, given that this pocket is broadly conserved, our findings could provide a strategy for pathway-selective drug discovery that is applicable to the diverse GPCR superfamily.


ํ•œ๊ธ€ ์ดˆ๋ก

G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด(GPCRs)๋Š” 16๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ Gฮฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ฮฒ- arrestin ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽธํ–ฅ๋œ(biased) ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŽธํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ • G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค A GPCR์ธ ๋‰ด๋กœํ…์‹  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด 1(NTSR1)์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, GPCR-์ „๋‹ฌ์ž(transducer) ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ SBI-553์€ ํŠน์ • G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•˜์œ„์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด NTSR1์˜ G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํ˜ธ์„ฑ์„ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ, ํŠน์ • ํ•˜์œ„์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค.

SBI-553์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ(scaffold)์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์•Œ๋กœ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆญ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ (probe-independent)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ข… ๊ฐ„์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ณ , ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒดโ€“์ „๋‹ฌ์ž ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํฌ์ผ“์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ GPCR ๊ณ„์—ด์—์„œ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” GPCR ์ดˆ๊ณผ(superfamily) ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.


์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ

  • GPCR(G proteinโ€“coupled receptor)์€ ์ „์ฒด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ย 30% ์ด์ƒ์ด ํ‘œ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๊ณ„์—ด๋กœ, 16์ข…์˜ย Gฮฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผย 2์ข…์˜ย ฮฒ-arrestin ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ.

  • ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋งŒ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” biased agonist๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์  ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.

  • ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ย GPCR์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๋“€์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ย G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์„œ๋ธŒํƒ€์ž… ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ.

ย 

๐Ÿ”นย ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ

1. ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ: Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1)

  • NTSR1์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜, ์•”, ํ†ต์ฆ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”ย class A GPCR.

  • ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‚ด์ธ์„ฑ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œย Neurotensin (NT)์€ย Gq/11์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ(์˜ˆ: ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์ฆ)์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ.

  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ SBI-553์ด๋ผ๋Š”ย intracellular ฮฒ-arrestin-biased agonist๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ

.

2. SBI-553์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ

  • Gq/11 ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ฮฒ-arrestin ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ย Gi/o, G12/13 ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉ.

  • NT ์กด์žฌ ์‹œ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ (allosteric) ๊ธธํ•ญ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ย G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”(permissive) ์ž‘์šฉ.

  • ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์€ ฮฒ-arrestin ๋น„์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ, SBI-553์ด ์ง์ ‘ NTSR1โ€“Gq ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ

.

3. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜

  • CryoEM ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, SBI-553์€ NTSR1์˜ย intracellular core pocket์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ,

    • Gq/11์˜ย C๋ง๋‹จ(ฮฑ5-helix)์ด steric clash๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋จ.

    • ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด GoA, G12/13์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€˜openโ€™ conformation์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ SBI-553๊ณผ ๊ณต์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

  • ์ฆ‰, Gฮฑ C-terminal helix์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์  ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ดย G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋จ

.

4. ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐย SAR ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

  • SBI-553 scaffold์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ณ€ํ˜•(์˜ˆ: quinazoline C6โ€“C8 ์น˜ํ™˜, cyclopropyl๊ธฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด


    G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ:

    • SBI-342: GoA ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ƒ์‹คย (C7 methoxy์— ์˜ํ•œย steric clash).

    • SBI-593: Gq ์–ต์ œ ์•ฝํ™”ย (C7โ€“CFโ‚ƒ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šดย VDW ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ).

  • ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋“ค์€ ฮฒ-arrestin ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด

.

5. ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํšจ๋Šฅย (in vivo)

  • NT ์œ ์‚ฌ์ฒดย PD149163์€ NTSR1โ€“Gq ํ™œ์„ฑย โ†’ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์ฆย ์œ ๋„.

  • SBI-553์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฐจ๋‹จ, SBI-593์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฐจ๋‹จย โ€”


    ์ฆ‰, Gq ์–ต์ œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•œย BAM์€ in vivo์—์„œ๋„ ํšจ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ.

  • ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” BAM์˜ย G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํšจ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•จ

.

๐Ÿ”นย ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์˜์˜

  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ:ย GPCRโ€“transducer ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์„ ํ‘œ์ ํ•˜๋Š”ย biased allosteric modulator (BAM)๊ฐ€


    G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆย subtype ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

  • ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ:

    • ํŠน์ •ย G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์•ฝ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

    • ๋™์ผย scaffold ๋‚ด ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดย ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

    • ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œย GPCR ๊ณ„์—ด์—๋„ ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

    a, Multidimensional SAR of SBI-553. b, Structures of SBI-553 and analogues SBI-342 and SBI-593 with radar plots summarizing the extent of transducer activation induced by SBI-553, SBI-342 and SBI-593 alone (compounds up to 30โ€‰ยตM, top) and in the presence of NT (compounds up to 30โ€‰ยตM, bottom). Values reflect % NT Emax at the highest compound concentration relative to NT in the presence of vehicle. In HEK293T cells transiently expressing NTSR1, G protein activation was assessed by TRUPATH, and ฮฒ-arrestin recruitment was assessed by BRET. For underlying data, see Extended Data Fig. 9m. Data are mean of nโ€‰=โ€‰3 independent experiments per compound per transducer. c, Top, NT-induced activation of GoA in the presence of SBI-553 or SBI-342. Bottom, NT-induced activation of Gq in the presence of SBI-553 or SBI-593. SBI-553 plots were originally presented in Fig. 2c and are shown here to facilitate analogue comparison. Data are meanโ€‰ยฑโ€‰s.e.m. nโ€‰=โ€‰3 independent experiments. d, SBI-553 can co-occupy NTSR1 with GoAโ€™s Cโ€‰terminus in its โ€˜openโ€™ position, whereas the 9-methoxy group of SBI-342 clashes with GoA. e, Molecular dynamics simulations indicate a repositioning of the Gq Cโ€‰terminus within the NTSR1 core. nโ€‰=โ€‰3 for 100โ€‰nanoseconds (ns) and nโ€‰=โ€‰3 for 300โ€‰ns. Representative image from a minimized low-energy frame. f, Attractive VDW contacts between SBI-593 and the Gq Cโ€‰terminus in its new position are shown as dotted green lines. For curve parameters, see Supplementary Table 5.
    a, Multidimensional SAR of SBI-553. b, Structures of SBI-553 and analogues SBI-342 and SBI-593 with radar plots summarizing the extent of transducer activation induced by SBI-553, SBI-342 and SBI-593 alone (compounds up to 30โ€‰ยตM, top) and in the presence of NT (compounds up to 30โ€‰ยตM, bottom). Values reflect % NT Emax at the highest compound concentration relative to NT in the presence of vehicle. In HEK293T cells transiently expressing NTSR1, G protein activation was assessed by TRUPATH, and ฮฒ-arrestin recruitment was assessed by BRET. For underlying data, see Extended Data Fig. 9m. Data are mean of nโ€‰=โ€‰3 independent experiments per compound per transducer. c, Top, NT-induced activation of GoA in the presence of SBI-553 or SBI-342. Bottom, NT-induced activation of Gq in the presence of SBI-553 or SBI-593. SBI-553 plots were originally presented in Fig. 2c and are shown here to facilitate analogue comparison. Data are meanโ€‰ยฑโ€‰s.e.m. nโ€‰=โ€‰3 independent experiments. d, SBI-553 can co-occupy NTSR1 with GoAโ€™s Cโ€‰terminus in its โ€˜openโ€™ position, whereas the 9-methoxy group of SBI-342 clashes with GoA. e, Molecular dynamics simulations indicate a repositioning of the Gq Cโ€‰terminus within the NTSR1 core. nโ€‰=โ€‰3 for 100โ€‰nanoseconds (ns) and nโ€‰=โ€‰3 for 300โ€‰ns. Representative image from a minimized low-energy frame. f, Attractive VDW contacts between SBI-593 and the Gq Cโ€‰terminus in its new position are shown as dotted green lines. For curve parameters, see Supplementary Table 5.

๐Ÿ”นย ์š”์•ฝ ๋„ํ‘œ

ํ•ญ๋ชฉ

SBI-553

SBI-342

SBI-593

์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”

์›ํ˜•

C7โ€“OCHโ‚ƒ

C7โ€“CFโ‚ƒ

ฮฒ-arrestin ํ™œ์„ฑ

๊ฐ•ํ•จ

์œ ์ง€

์œ ์ง€

Gq ์–ต์ œ

๊ฐ•ํ•จ

์œ ์ง€

์•ฝํ•จ

GoA ํ™œ์„ฑ

ํ—ˆ์šฉ

์ƒ์‹ค

์œ ์ง€

G12/13 ํ™œ์„ฑ

ํ—ˆ์šฉ

์•ฝํ™”

์œ ์ง€

์ €์ฒด์˜จ์ฆ ์ฐจ๋‹จ

์™„์ „

๋ถ€๋ถ„

์‹คํŒจ

ย 

ย 
ย 
ย 

๋Œ“๊ธ€


AMC NS LAB
์„œ์šธ์•„์‚ฐ๋ณ‘์› ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค, NSICU
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