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Insights into Targeted and Stimulus-Responsive Nanocarriers for Brain Cancer Treatment

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1.논문 제목: Insights into Targeted and Stimulus-Responsive Nanocarriers for Brain Cancer Treatment


2.저자명: Zahra Abousalman-Rezvani, Ahmed Refaat, Pouya Dehghankelishadi, Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani, Lars Esser, and Nicolas H. Voelcker


3. 출처 및 게재 : Advanced Healthcare Materials, 7 March 2024



5. Abstract: Brain cancers, especially glioblastoma multiforme, are associated with poor prognosis due to the limited efficacy of current therapies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a versatile technology to treat various diseases, including cancers, and has played an indispensable role in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic as evidenced by the role that lipid nanocarrier-based vaccines have played. The tunability of nanocarrier physicochemical properties—including size, shape, surface chemistry, and drug release kinetics— has resulted in the development of a wide range of nanocarriers for brain cancer treatment. These nanocarriers can improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs, increase blood-brain barrier transfer efficiency, and specifically target brain cancer cells. These unique features would potentially allow for more efficient treatment of brain cancer with fewer side effects and better therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of brain cancers, current therapeutic options, and challenges to efficient brain cancer treatment. The latest advances in nanomedicine strategies are investigated with an emphasis on targeted and stimulus-responsive nanocarriers and their potential for clinical translation.


6. 한글 초록 요약본:

교모세포종 (GBM)을 포함한 뇌종양은 BBB로 인한 낮은 약물 전달 효율, 종양 이질성, 정상 뇌조직에 대한 독성 등으로 치료가 어려움. Nanocarrier는 크기, 표면 특성, 약물 방출 속도 등을 조절할 수 있어 BBB 통과를 증가시키고 종양에 선택적으로 치료제를 전달할 수 있음. 특히 본 리뷰에서는 특정 receptor를 이용하는 targeted nanocarrier와 종양 미세환경 또는 외부 자극에 반응하여 약물을 방출하는 stimulus-responsive nanocarrier를 중점적으로 다룸. Stimulus-responsive system은 pH, redox, enzyme, hypoxia, ROS 등의 내부 자극 또는 ultrasound, heat, magnetic field, light 등의 외부 자극을 이용하여 종양 부위에서 선택적인 약물 방출을 유도할 수 있음. 다양한 전임상 연구에서 효과가 확인되고 있으나 복잡한 제조공정, 적절하지 않은 동물모델, BBB의 이질성 등으로 인해 임상 적용은 아직 제한적임.


7. 한글 논문 요약본 

7-1 Introduction: 교모세포종(GBM)은 가장 공격적인 glioma로 5년 생존율이 약 4-5%에 불과하며 현재수술∙방사선치료∙TMZ chemotherapy가 주요 치료법임. 그러나 뇌종양에서는 BBB가 약물의 종양 도달을 제한하고 전신 투여 시 정상 조직 독성으로 충분한 약물 농도를 확보하기 어려움. Nanocarrier는 약물의 안정성과 pharmacokinetics를 개선하고 BBB 통과 및 tumor targeting을 증가시킬 수 있음. 특히 종양의 생물학적 특징이나 외부 자극에 반응하도록 설계하면 정상 조직에서의 약물 노출을 줄이고 tumor-specific drug release를 유도할 수 있음. 본 리뷰에서는 이러한 targeted/stimulus-responsive nanocarrier의 종류와 GBM 치료 적용 사례 및 임상 적용 가능성을 정리함.

 

 

7-2 주요 내용

7-2-1  BBB와 Brain tumor targeting :

 BBB의 endotheilal cell은 tight junction을 형성하여 대부분의 치료제가 뇌로 이동하는 것을 제한함. GBM에서는 일부 BBB가 보다 투과성 높은 Blood-Brain Tumor Barrier (BBTB)로 변하지만 그 정도가 매우 불균일하기 때문에 단순한 passive targeting만으로 충분한 약물 전달이 어려움. 따라서 nanocarrier 표면에 ligand를 부착하여 receptor-mediated transcytosis를 유도하는 active targeting이 활용됨. 대표적으로 ApoE-LDL receptor, ANG2-LRP1, transferrin-transferrin receptor, glucose-GLUT1 등이 BBB 통과에 이용됨.


7-2-2  Nanocarrier 종류 :

 Nanocarrier는 크게 polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic system으로 구분됨.

- Polymeric: micelle, polymersome, dendrimer, nanogel

- Lipid-based: liposome, solid lipid nanoparticle

- Inorganic: silica, iron oxide, gold nanoparticle, quantum dot, carbon nanotube, porous silicon nanoparticle

 각 carrier는 약물뿐 아니라 siRNA, mRNA, CRISPR/Cas9 등의 유전자 치료제도 전달할 수 있으며 ligand modification을 통해 BBB 및 GBM targeting이 가능함.


7-2-3  External stimulus-responsive nanocarrier :

 외부에서 자극을 가해 BBB 통과 또는 약물 방출을 조절함.

-Ultrasoude/FUS: Microbubble과 함께 사용하면 cavitation을 통해 BBB를 일시적으로 열어 nanoparticle의 뇌 유입을 증가시킴. 실제 GL261 orthotopic model에서 MB-FUS는 nanocarrier의 종양 축적을 약 5배 증가시킴.

-Magnetic field: SPION 등의 magnetic nanoparticle을 외부 자기장으로 종양에 유도하거나 alternating magnetic field로 hyperthermia를 발생시켜 약물 방출을 유도함.

- Light/ NIR: Photodynamic 또는 photothermal therapy에 이용되며 ROS 생성이나 열을 통해 종양세포를 제거하면서 동시에 carrier의 약물 방출을 유도할 수 있음.


7-2-4  Internal stiumulus-responsive nanocarrier :

 GBM의 TME 특성을 이용하여 선택적인 drug release를 유도함.

- pH: GBM의 acidic TME (pH 6.4-6.8) 또는 endosome의 낮은 pH에 반응

- Redox: 종양세포 내 높은 GSH를 이용해 disulfide bond 등을 절단.

- Enzyme: tumor-associated enzyme에 의해 linker/ carrier가 분해

- Hypoxia: GBM의 저산소 환경에서 carrier 구조가 변화하여 약물 방출

- ROS: 정상세포 보다 높은 tumor ROS에 반응하여 carrier 또는 linker가 분해

 이러한 내부 자극 반응성은 정상조직에서의 premature drug release를 줄일 가능성이 있지만 pH, GSH, ROS 및 관련 효소는 정상세포에도 존재하므로 실제 선택성은 종양과 정상 조직 간 농도 차이에 의존함. 따라서 가장 효과적인 설계는 하나의 조건만 이용하는 것이 아니라 다음과 같은 단계적 전략을 적용하는 것; BBB crossing → GBM receptor targeting → tumor microenvironment 반응 → 세포 내 약물 방출. 즉, 혈액에서는 안정적으로 유지되다가 종양에 도달한 후 선택적으로 약물을 방출하도록 설계하는 것이 핵심임.


7-2-5 Clinical translation :

 여러 nanocarrier가 임상시험에 진입했지만 전임상 연구에 비하면 그 수가 매우 적음. Liposomal irionotecan/DOX, BCL2L12-targeting siRNA-AuNP, rhenium-186 nanoliposome 등이 임상시험에서 평가되고 있음. 저자들은 임상 전환의 주요 문제로 복잡한 formulation, scale-up 및 CMC 문제, 실제 환자의 BBB를 충분히 반영하지 못하는 동물모델, 간∙비장 등으로의 off-target distribution을 지적함. 따라서 지나치게 복잡한 nanoparticle보다는 제조와 재현성이 확보된 단순한 구조가 임상 적용에 유리하다고 강조함.


8. 대표 figure

Fig 1. Schematic illustration of brain cancer drug delivery showing different types of nanocarriers with a focus on stimuli-responsive and targeted systems.


 
 
 

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